<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2687-0940</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Актуальные проблемы медицины</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2687-0940</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52575/2687-0940-2023-46-3-231-244</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">160</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>КАРДИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>&lt;strong&gt;Роль циркулирующих биомаркеров у пациентов, перенесших&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;COVID&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;-19&lt;/strong&gt;</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>&lt;strong&gt;The&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Role&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;of&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Circulating&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Biomarkers&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;in&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Post&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;-&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;COVID&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;-19 &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Patients&lt;/strong&gt;</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осипова</surname><given-names>Ольга Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Osipova</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шепель</surname><given-names>Руслан Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shepel</surname><given-names>Ruslan N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каруцкая</surname><given-names>Ольга Анатольевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karutskaya</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комисов</surname><given-names>Александр Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Komisov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демко</surname><given-names>Владислав Валерьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Demko</surname><given-names>Vladislav V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белоусова</surname><given-names>Оксана Николаевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belousova</surname><given-names>Oksana N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>belousova_on@bsuedu.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чупаха</surname><given-names>Марина Владимировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chupakha</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>Chupakha@bsuedu.ru</email></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>46</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>0</fpage><lpage>0</lpage><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="/media/journal-medicine/2023/3/АПМ_2023_231-244.pdf" /><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Новая коронавирусная инфекция внесла весомые коррективы в состояние пациентов, уже страдающих сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями. Похожие механизмы развития фиброза у пациентов с тяжелой формой COVID-19 и сердечной недостаточностью заставили обратить внимания на биомаркеры воспаления. Тяжелый цитокиновый шторм, характерный для COVID-19, имеет решающее значение для понимания исхода заболевания. При тяжелом течении COVID-19 отмечены высокие уровни интерлейкина-2, интерлейкина-6, интерлейкина-10, моноцитарного хемотаксического белка-1 (MCP-1) и фактора некроза опухоли-&amp;alpha; (TNF-&amp;alpha;), в отличие от пациентов с легкой и умеренной формой заболевания. Повышение уровня MCP-1 при тяжелом течении COVID-19 позволяет предположить, что его секреция может играть одну из ключевых ролей в реактивном воспалительном процессе, связанном с COVID-19. Установлено, что ИЛ-10 и MCP-1 являются предикторами тяжести заболевания COVID-19 и риска смерти таких пациентов. Матриксные металлопротеиназы (ММП) также оказываются вовлечены в развитие патологии легких и могут выступать в качестве раннего индикатора дыхательной недостаточности у пациентов с COVID-19. В&amp;nbsp;данном обзоре рассмотрены биомаркеры воспаления, такие как ММП, тканевой ингибитор матриксной металлопротеиназы-1, интерлейкины, MCP-1, на предмет их возможности служить объективными маркерами ранней диагностики и прогноза развития сердечно-сосудистых осложнений у пациентов, перенесших COVID-19.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The new coronavirus infection has made significant adjustments to the condition of patients already suffering from cardiovascular diseases. Similar mechanisms of fibrosis in patients with severe COVID-19 and heart failure have drawn attention to inflammatory biomarkers. The severe cytokine storm that is characteristic of COVID-19 is critical to understanding the outcome of the disease. In severe COVID-19, higher levels of interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-&amp;alpha; (TNF-&amp;alpha;) were noted than in patients with mild to moderate form of the disease. Elevated levels of MCP-1 in severe COVID-19 suggest that its secretion may play a key role in the reactive inflammatory process associated with COVID-19. It has been established that IL-10 and MCP-1 are predictors of the severity of COVID-19 disease and the risk of death in such patients. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are also involved in the development of lung pathology and may act as an early indicator of respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19. In this review, biomarkers of inflammation, such as MMP, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1, interleukins, MCP-1, are considered for their ability to serve as objective markers for early diagnosis and prognosis of the development of cardiovascular complications in patients who have undergone COVID-19.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>матриксные металлопротеиназы</kwd><kwd>тканевой ингибитор матриксной металлопротеиназы-1</kwd><kwd>моноцитарный хемотаксический белок-1</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>хроническая сердечная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>сердечно-сосудистые заболевания</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>matrix metalloproteinases</kwd><kwd>tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1</kwd><kwd>monocytic chemotactic protein-1</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>chronic heart failure</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular disease</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ack><p>Работа выполнена без внешних источников финансирования.</p></ack><ref-list><title>Список литературы</title><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation>Алексеева Е.И., Тепаев Р.Ф., Шилькрот И.Ю., Дворяковская Т.М., Сурков А.Г., Криулин И.А. COVID-19-индуцированный &amp;laquo;цитокиновый шторм&amp;raquo; &amp;ndash; особая форма синдрома активации макрофагов. Вестник РАМН. 2021. 76&amp;nbsp;(1). С. 51&amp;ndash;66. doi: https://doi.org/10.15690/vramn1410.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><mixed-citation>Баздырев Е.Д. Коронаровирусная инфекция-актуальная проблема ХХI века. Комплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. 2020; 9 (2): 6&amp;ndash;16. doi:10.17802/2306-1278-2020-9-2-6-16</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><mixed-citation>Бородулина Е.А., Васнева Ж.П., Вдоушкина Е.С., Бородулин Б.Е., Поваляева Л.В. Особенности гематологических и гемостазиологических показателей при короновирусной инфекции COVID-19 и внебольничной пневмонии. Acta Biomedica Scientifica. 2021. 6&amp;nbsp;(1): 40&amp;shy;&amp;ndash;47. doi: 10.29413/ABS.2021-6.1.6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><mixed-citation>Бунова С.С., Охотникова П.И., Скирденко Ю.П, Николаев Н.А., Осипова О.А., Жернакова Н.И. COVID-19 и сердечно-сосудистая коморбидность: поиск новых подходов к снижению смертности. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2021; 20 (4): 2953. doi:&amp;nbsp;10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2953</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><mixed-citation>Григорьева Н.Ю., Синичкина А.А., Самолюк М.О. и др. // Российский кардиологический журнал.&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; 2022. &amp;ndash; Т. 27, № 3. &amp;ndash; С. 67&amp;ndash;73. &amp;ndash; doi 10.15829/1560-4071-2022-4846</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><mixed-citation>Зольникова О.Ю., Свистунов А.А., Ивашкин В.Т. SARS-COV-2: Иммунный ответ, структурные изменения, основные терапевтические стратегии. Экология человека 2021. №&amp;nbsp;1. С. 4&amp;ndash;10. doi: 10.33396/ 1728-0869-2021-1-4-10</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><mixed-citation>Костюк С.А., Симирский В.В., Горбич Ю.Л., Анисько Л.А., Полуян О.С. Цитокиновый шторм при COVID-19. Журнал. Международные обзоры: Клиническая практика и здоровье. № 1, 2021&amp;nbsp;г. С. 41&amp;shy;&amp;ndash;52.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><mixed-citation>Печерина Т.Б., Кутихин А.Г. Биомаркеры фиброза миокарда и их генетическое регулирование у пациентов с сердечной недостаточностью. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020; 25&amp;nbsp;(10): 3933. https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3933</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><mixed-citation>Потапнев М.П. Цитокиновый шторм: причины и последствия. Иммунология. 2021; 42&amp;nbsp;(2): 175&amp;ndash;188. doi: 10.33029/0206-4952-2021-42-2-175-188.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><mixed-citation>Рассохин В.В., Самарина А.В., Беляков Н.А., Трофимова Т.Н., Лукина О.В., Гаврилов П.В., Гриненко О.А. Эпидемиология, клиника, диагностика, оценка тяжести заболевания COVID-19 с учетом сопутствующей патологии.&amp;nbsp;ВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессии. 2020;12 (2): 7&amp;ndash;30. https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2020-12-2-7-30</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><mixed-citation>Суджаева О.А. Значение кардиометаболических факторов риска в период пандемии COVID-19: обзор консенсуса экспертов Европейского общества кардиологов / О. А. Суджаева // Рецепт.&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; 2022. &amp;ndash; Т. 25, № 4. &amp;ndash; С. 418&amp;ndash;431. doi: 10.34883/PI.2022.25.4.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><mixed-citation>Сушенцева Н.Н., Попов О.С., Апалько С.В. и др. Биобанк COVID-19: особенности цитокинового профиля. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. &amp;ndash; 2020. &amp;ndash; Т. 19, № 6. &amp;ndash; С. 191&amp;ndash;195. doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2729</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><mixed-citation>Abers M.S., Delmonte O.M., Ricotta E.E., Fintzi J. An immune-based biomarker signature is associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients.&amp;nbsp;JCI Insight.&amp;nbsp;2020. doi:&amp;nbsp;10.1172/jci.insight.144455</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><mixed-citation>Bajpai G., Bredemeyer A., Li W., Zaitsev K., Koenig A.L., Lokshina I., Mohan J., Ivey B., Hsiao H.M., Weinheimer C., Kovacs A., Epelman S., Artyomov M., Kreisel D., Lavine K.J.&amp;nbsp;Tissue Resident CCR2- and CCR2+ Cardiac Macrophages Differentially Orchestrate Monocyte Recruitment and Fate Specification Following Myocardial Injury.&amp;nbsp;Circ. Res. 2019 Jan 18; 124 (2): 263&amp;ndash;278. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.314028</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><mixed-citation>Brusa S., Terracciano D., Bruzzese D., Fiorenza M., Stanziola L., Pinchera B., Valente V., Gentile I., Cittadini A., Mormile I., Mormile M., Portella G. Circulating tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases&amp;nbsp;1 (TIMP-1) at COVID-19 onset predicts severity status. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Nov 29; 9: 1034288. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1034288</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><mixed-citation>Casta&amp;ntilde;o M., Tom&amp;aacute;s-P&amp;eacute;rez S., Gonz&amp;aacute;lez-Cant&amp;oacute; E., Aghababyan C., Mascar&amp;oacute;s-Mart&amp;iacute;nez A., Santonja N., Herreros-Pomares A., Oto J., Medina P., G&amp;ouml;tte M., Mc Cormack B.A., Mar&amp;iacute;-Alexandre J., Gilabert-Estell&amp;eacute;s J. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Cancer: Trapping Our Attention with Their Involvement in Ovarian Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023 Mar 22; 24 (6): 5995. doi: 10.3390/ijms24065995</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><mixed-citation>Chen B., Frangogiannis N.G. Chemokines in Myocardial Infarction. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res. 2021 Feb; 14&amp;nbsp;(1): 35&amp;ndash;52. doi: 10.1007/s12265-020-10006-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><mixed-citation>Chen B., Huang S., Su Y., Wu Y.J., Hanna A., Brickshawana A., Graff J., Frangogiannis N.G. Macrophage Smad3 Protects the Infarcted Heart, Stimulating Phagocytosis and Regulating Inflammation. Circ. Res. 2019, 125: 55&amp;ndash;70. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.315069</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><mixed-citation>Conti P., Ronconi G., Caraffa A., Gallenga C., Ross R., Frydas I. et al. Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and lung inflammation by Coronavirus-19 (COVI-19 or SARS-CoV-2): anti-inflammatory strategies.&amp;nbsp;J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents.&amp;nbsp;2020 March-April; 34&amp;nbsp;(2):&amp;nbsp;327&amp;ndash;331. doi: 10.23812/CONTI-E. PMID: 32171193</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><mixed-citation>De Vita A., Franceschi F., Covino M. Increased Thrombotic Risk in COVID-19: Evidence and Controversy. J. Clin. Med. 2023 Jul 1; 12 (13): 4441. doi: 10.3390/jcm12134441</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><mixed-citation>Dhar S.K., Vishnupriyan K., Damodar S., Gujar S., Das M. IL-6 and IL-10 as predictors of disease severity in COVID-19 patients: results from meta-analysis and regression.&amp;nbsp;medRxiv.&amp;nbsp;2020; 1843: 2563.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><mixed-citation>Diao B., Wang C., Tan Y., Chen X., Liu Y., Ning L. et al. Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)&amp;nbsp;Front Immunol.&amp;nbsp;2020; 11: 827. doi:&amp;nbsp;10.3389/fimmu.2020.00827</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><mixed-citation>Frangogiannis N.G. Cardiac fibrosis: Cell biological mechanisms, molecular pathways and therapeutic opportunities. Mol. Aspects. Med. 2019 Feb; 65: 70&amp;ndash;99. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.07.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><mixed-citation>Frisoni P., Neri M., Alfieri L. et al. Cytokine storm and histopathological findings in 60 cases of COVID-19-related death: from viral load research to immunohistochemical quantification of major players IL-1&amp;beta;, IL-6, IL-15 and TNF-&amp;alpha; // Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology. &amp;ndash; 2022 Mar; 18 (1): 4&amp;ndash;19. doi: 10.1007/s12024-021-00414-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><mixed-citation>Furuya Y., Satoh T., Kuwana M. Interleukin-6 as a potential therapeutic target for pulmonary arterial hypertension.&amp;nbsp;Int. J. Rheumatol.&amp;nbsp;2010; 2010: 720305. doi:&amp;nbsp;10.1155/2010/720305</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><mixed-citation>Giannis D., Ziogas I.A., Gianni P. Coagulation disorders in coronavirus infected patients: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and lessons from the past.&amp;nbsp;J. Clin. Virol.&amp;nbsp;2020; 127: 104362.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><mixed-citation>Goyal P., Reshetnyak E., Khan S., Musse M., Navi B.B., Kim J., Allen L.A., Banerjee S., Elkind M.S.V., Shah S.J., Yancy C., Michos E.D., Devereux R.B., Okin P.M., Weinsaft J.W., Safford M.M. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Adults With a History of Heart Failure Hospitalized for COVID-19. Circ Heart Fail. 2021 Sep; 14&amp;nbsp;(9): e008354. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.008354</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><mixed-citation>Hazra S., Chaudhuri A.G., Tiwary B.K., Chakrabarti N. Matrix metallopeptidase 9 as a host protein target of chloroquine and melatonin for immunoregulation in COVID-19: a network-based meta-analysis.&amp;nbsp;Life Sci.&amp;nbsp;2020; 257&amp;nbsp;doi:&amp;nbsp;10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118096</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><mixed-citation>Heidt T., Courties G., Dutta P., Sager H.B., Sebas M., Iwamoto Y., Sun Y., Da Silva N., Panizzi P., van der Laan A.M., Swirski F.K., Weissleder R., Nahrendorf M. Differential contribution of monocytes to heart macrophages in steady-state and after myocardial infarction. Circ. Res. 2014 Jul 7; 115&amp;nbsp;(2): 284&amp;ndash;95. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.303567</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><mixed-citation>Hu B., Huang S., Yin L.&amp;nbsp;The cytokine storm and COVID-19.&amp;nbsp;J. Med. Virol. 2021 Jan; 93 (1): 250&amp;ndash;256. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26232</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><mixed-citation>Huang C., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Zhao J., Hu Y. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.&amp;nbsp;Lancet.&amp;nbsp;2020; 395 (10223): 497&amp;ndash;506. doi:&amp;nbsp;10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><mixed-citation>Liu J., Li S., Liu J., Liang B., Wang X., Wang H., Li W., Tong Q., Yi J., Zhao L., Xiong L., Guo C., Tian&amp;nbsp;J., Luo J., Yao J., Pang R., Shen H., Peng C., Liu T., Zhang Q., Wu J., Xu L., Lu S., Wang B., Weng Z., Han C., Zhu H., Zhou R., Zhou H., Chen X., Ye P., Zhu B., Wang L., Zhou W., He S., He Y., Jie S., Wei P., Zhang J., Lu Y., Wang W., Zhang L., Li L., Zhou F., Wang J., Dittmer U., Lu&amp;nbsp;M., Hu Y,, Yang D,, Zheng X. Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.&amp;nbsp;EBioMedicine.&amp;nbsp;2020 May; 55: 102763. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102763</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><mixed-citation>Metzemaekers M., Cambier S., Blanter M., Vandooren J., de Carvalho A.C., Malengier-Devlies B. et al.&amp;nbsp;Kinetics of peripheral blood neutrophils in severe coronavirus disease 2019.&amp;nbsp;Clin. Transl. Immunol.&amp;nbsp;(2021)&amp;nbsp;10: e1271. 10.1002/cti2.1271.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><mixed-citation>Nalbandian A., Sehgal K., Gupta A., Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat. Med. 2021 Apr; 27 (4): 601&amp;ndash;615. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><mixed-citation>Nappi F., Bellomo F., Avtaar Singh S.S. Worsening Thrombotic Complication of Atherosclerotic Plaques Due to Neutrophils Extracellular Traps: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines. 2023 Jan 2; 11&amp;nbsp;(1): 113. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11010113</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><mixed-citation>Nasr El-Din A., Ata K.A.E., Abdel-Gawad A.R., Fahmy N.F. Impact of High Serum Levels of MMP-7, MMP-9, TGF-&amp;beta; and PDGF Macrophage Activation Markers on Severity of COVID-19 in Obese-Diabetic Patients. Infect Drug Resist. 2021 Sep 28; 14: 4015&amp;ndash;4025. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S329004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><mixed-citation>Pertiwi K.R., de Boer O.J., Mackaaij C., Pabittei D.R., de Winter R.J., Li X., van der Wal A.C. Extracellular traps derived from macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils and neutrophils are generated in a time-dependent manner during atherothrombosis. J. Pathol. 2019 Apr; 247 (4): 505&amp;ndash;512. doi: 10.1002/path.5212</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><mixed-citation>Ruan Q., Yang K., Wang W., Jiang L., Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan.&amp;nbsp;China Intensive Care Med.&amp;nbsp;2020; 46 (5): 846&amp;ndash;848. doi:&amp;nbsp;10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><mixed-citation>Sindelar M., Stancliff E., Schweiger-Haber M. et al. Longitudinal metabolomics of human blood plasma reveals prognostic markers of the severity of COVID-19 disease. Representative of Cell Med. 2021; 2 (8): 100369. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100369</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><mixed-citation>Singh B., Ghosh N., Saha D., Sarkar S., Bhattacharyya P., Chaudhury K. Effect of doxycyline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease &amp;ndash; An exploratory study.&amp;nbsp;Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther.&amp;nbsp;2019; 58: 101831. doi:&amp;nbsp;10.1016/j.pupt.2019.101831</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><mixed-citation>Siu K.L., Yuen K.S., Castano-Rodriguez C., Ye Z.W., Yeung M.L., Fung S.Y. et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus ORF3a protein activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting TRAF3-dependent ubiquitination of ASC.&amp;nbsp;FASEB J.&amp;nbsp;2019; 33 (8): 8865&amp;ndash;8877. doi:&amp;nbsp;10.1096/fj.201802418R</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><mixed-citation>Subramaniam S., Scharrer I. Procoagulant activity during viral infections.&amp;nbsp;Front. Biosci. 2018; 23: 1060&amp;ndash;1081.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><mixed-citation>Tan X., Hu L., Shu Z., Chen L., Li X., Du M., Sun D., Mao X., Deng S., Huang K. et al.: Role of CCR2 in the Development of Streptozotocin-Treated Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Diabetes 2019, 68: 2063&amp;ndash;2073. doi: 10.2337/db18-1231</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><mixed-citation>Trihandini I., Muhtar M., Karunia Sakti D.A., Erlianti C.P. The effect of long-haul COVID-19 toward domains of the health-related quality of life among recovered hospitalized patients. Front. Public. Health. 2023 Aug 3; 11: 1068127. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1068127</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><mixed-citation>Ueland T., Holter J., Holten A. et al. Distinct and early increase in circulating MMP-9 in COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure. The Journal of Infection. 2020; 81: e41&amp;ndash;3. Available from:&amp;nbsp;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7320854/.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><mixed-citation>Ueland T., Holter J., Holten A., Distinct and early increase in circulating MMP-9 in COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure.&amp;nbsp;J. Infect.&amp;nbsp;2020; 81: e41&amp;ndash;e43. doi:&amp;nbsp;10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.061</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><mixed-citation>Wang J., Jiang M., Chen H., Montaner L.J. Cytokine storm and leukocyte changes in mild and severe SARS-Cov-2 infection: overview of 3939 COVID-19 patients in China and new concepts of pathogenesis and therapy. J. Leukocyte biology. 2020; 108&amp;nbsp;(1): 17&amp;ndash;41. doi:10.1002/JLB.3COVR0520-272R</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><mixed-citation>Willeford A., Suetomi T., Nickle A., Hoffman H.M., Miyamoto S., Heller Brown J. CaMKIIdelta-mediated inflammatory gene expression and inflammasome activation in cardiomyocytes initiate inflammation and induce fibrosis. J.C.I. Insight. 2018. 3. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.97054</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><mixed-citation>Williamson E.J., Walker A.J., Bhaskaran K. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature. 2020; 584 (7821): 430&amp;ndash;436. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><mixed-citation>Wynn T.A., Vannella K.M. Macrophages in Tissue Repair, Regeneration, and Fibrosis. Immunity. 2016 Mar 15; 44 (3): 450&amp;ndash;462. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><mixed-citation>Zhang Q., Bastard P., Liu Z., Le Pen J., Moncada-Velez M., Chen J. et al. Inborn errors of type I IFN immunity in patients with life-threatening COVID-19.&amp;nbsp;Science.&amp;nbsp;2020; 370 (6515): eabd4570. doi:&amp;nbsp;10.1126/science. abd4570.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>