Socioeconomic status influences health and the prevalence of chronic diseases. Low-income respondents are more likely to have behavioral factors and lower levels of health literacy, which predisposes them to a lack of consistent preventive measures. The aim of the study was to assess adherence to preventive measures among populations with varying socioeconomic status during the COVID-19 pandemic. During the novel coronavirus pandemic, 1,269 people (883 women, 386 men, average age 56) participated in preventive measures during the novel coronavirus infection pandemic. Socioeconomic factors were assessed: education, income, profession, marital status. A questionnaire was developed to study adherence to preventive measures: COVID-19 experience, vaccination, and lifestyle changes. The survey revealed that married people predominated among those vaccinated (71.8 %), 9.8 % of participants had been vaccinated against the novel coronavirus infection. It was found that official marriage (OR 1.91, 95 % CI 1.03–3.54, p = 0.040) and higher education (OR 1.7, 95 % CI 0.9–3.0, p = 0.094) were associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection. A relationship was established between socioeconomic factors and adherence to preventive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic.Individuals with secondary vocational education were less likely to make lifestyle changes. Married persons were more likely to wash their hands, use disinfectants (p = 0.007), clean their apartments and houses, and treat surfaces (p = 0.001), as well as groceries, mail, and parcels (p = 0.021) with disinfectants during the pandemic. Furthermore, this group of individuals had a higher risk of contracting the novel coronavirus compared to others.