Bruxism is a parafunctional chewing activity consisting in an involuntary clenching or grinding of teeth, which can occur both during sleep and while awake. The etiology of bruxism has a complex multifactorial basis. Despite the apparent simplicity of manifestation, the mechanisms of bruxism are very complex and still not fully understood. Scientists are actively studying the role of the central nervous system in this process. The use of modern neurophysiological research methods, such as electromyography, polysomnography, allows obtaining more accurate data on the neural processes underlying bruxism. Despite numerous studies, many questions about the etiology, pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment of bruxism remain open and require further research. The aim of the study is to collect and analyze information about bruxism; to study the mechanisms of its occurrence and neurophysiological features for a deeper understanding of the neural connections that control bruxism; to determine clinical manifestations and risk factors associated with bruxism; to evaluate the effectiveness of various diagnostic methods and modern approaches to the treatment of bruxism. For this purpose, we explored modern domestic and foreign literature included in Scopus, RINTS, PubMed.