Modern research increasingly confirms the close relationship between coronary heart disease (CHD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), their combination is recognized as unfavorable, which leads to a deterioration in the prognosis and course of both conditions. The pathogenetic aspects and prognostic predictors of coronary heart disease and CKD have not yet been fully studied, which makes research in this area very relevant. The ultimate goal of such research is to reduce the burden of disease through early diagnosis, prediction, and prevention. This review article is aimed at analyzing the existing scientific literature data on the pathophysiological mechanisms linking these diseases. The authors study key mechanisms such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, which play an important role in the progression of coronary heart disease and CKD. The analysis of existing biomarkers that can help in the early diagnosis of CKD in patients with coronary heart disease is carried out. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and microalbuminuria test (MAU) are not early markers of kidney damage. Galectin-3 and plasma growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) are markers of myocardial fibrosis, and a positive correlation has been found between their plasma levels and the incidence of CKD. New research is required aimed at further, deeper study of the relationship between coronary heart disease and CKD.