Список литературы

2687-0940

Challenges in modern medicine

2687-0940

10.52575/2687-0940-2023-46-4-351-367

171

CARDIOLOGY

<strong>Imaging Methods in the Diagnosis of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</strong>

Ignatenko

Grigoriy A.

Ignatenko

Grigoriy A.

Taradin

Gennady G.

Taradin

Gennady G.

taradin@inbox.ru

Rakitskaya

Irina V.

Rakitskaya

Irina V.

2023

46400

The review concerns to the methods of cardiac imaging in the diagnosis, treatment and risk stratification of sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCMP). Keyword searches in e-Library, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for the period from 2014 to 2023 were used for the period from 2014 to 2023 for sources in Russian and English. The review presents the possibilities of echocardiographic examination in assessing the presence, distribution and severity of myocardial hypertrophy, the condition of the mitral valve and subvalvular structures, obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract, systolic and diastolic functions. The role of computed tomography, which has the capabilities for more accurate assessment of myocardial thickness, coronary artery anatomy with identification of the "myocardial bridging" is discussed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis and management of patients with HCMP is presented in detail. Using MRI, it is possible to identify various pathologic phenotypes by obtaining high-quality images with a sharp contrast between the myocardium and the blood pool. Among the advantages of the MRI, it should point the obtaining of detailed tissue characteristics of the myocardium which makes it possible to visualize area of fibrosis. The significance of other imaging methods, in particular single-photon emission tomography, myocardial scintigraphy and coronary angiography, in the management of patients with HCMP is noted.

hypertrophic cardiomyopathydiagnosticsimaging methodsechocardiographycomputed tomographycardiac magnetic resonance tomography

The work was carried out without external sources of funding.

Список литературы

Gabrusenko S.A., Gudkova A.Ya., Koziolova N.A., Aleksandrova S.A., Berseneva M.I., Gordeev M.L., Dzemeshkevich S.L., Zaklyaz'minskaya E.V., Irtyuga O.B., Kaplunova V.Yu., Kostareva A.A., Krutikov A.N., Malenkov D.A., Novikova T.N., Saidova M.A., Sanakoev M.K., Stukalova O.V. 2021. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. clinical guidelines 2020. Russian Journal of Cardiology, (5): 269–334 (in Russian).

Ignatenko G.A., Taradin G.G., Rakitskaja I.V., Koval'chuk N.O., Mogilevskaja K.Je. 2022. Severe obstruction of left ventricle outflow tract in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Bulletin of emergency and reconstructive surgery. 7(1): 112–124 (in Russian).

Malov A.A., Dzhordzhikiya R.K., Abushaev A.I. 2020. Diagnostic opportunities of magnetic resonant imagingmri of heart in differential diagnosis of phenotypical forms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Luchevaya diagnostika i terapiya, 11(4): 44–51. doi:10.22328/2079-5343-2020-11-4-44-51 (in Russian).

Mershina E.A., Sinitsyn V.E., Larina O.M. 2019. Magnetic resonance imaging of the heart in the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and risk stratification of sudden cardiac death. Klinicheskaya i eksperimental'naya khirurgiya, 7(3), 70–78. doi: 10.24411/2308-1198-2019-13008 (in Russian).

Bravo P.E. 2019. Is there a role for cardiac positron emission tomography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? Journal of nuclear cardiology: official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, 26(4), 1125–1134. doi: 10.1007/s12350-018-1298-4

Caiati C., Stanca A., Lepera M.E. 2023. Case report: Diagnosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that escaped clinical and echocardiographic investigations for twenty years: Reasons and clinical implications. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 10, 1157599. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1157599

Cardim N., Galderisi M., Edvardsen T., Plein S., Popescu B.A., D'Andrea A., Bruder O., Cosyns B., Davin L., Donal E., Freitas A., Habib G., Kitsiou A., Petersen S.E., Schroeder S., Lancellotti P., Camici P., Dulgheru R., Hagendorff A., Lombardi M., … Sicari R. 2015. Role of multimodality cardiac imaging in the management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an expert consensus of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging Endorsed by the Saudi Heart Association. European heart journal. Cardiovascular Imaging, 16(3), 280.doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu291

Casas G., Rodríguez-Palomares J.F. 2022. Multimodality cardiac imaging in cardiomyopathies: from diagnosis to prognosis. Journal of clinical medicine, 11(3), 578. doi: 10.3390/jcm11030578

Chan R.H, Maron B.J., Olivotto I., Pencina M.J., Assenza G.E., Haas T., Lesser J.R., Gruner C., Crean A.M., Rakowski H., Udelson J.E., Rowin E., Lombardi M., Cecchi F., Tomberli B., Spirito P., Formisano F., Biagini E., Rapezzi C., De Cecco C.N., … Maron M.S. 2014. Prognostic value of quantitative contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the evaluation of sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation, 130(6), 484–495. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007094

Dong T., Gilliland Y., Kramer C.M., Theodore A., Desai M. 2023. Multimodality imaging of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, S0033-0620(23)00079-8. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2023.08.004

Fumagalli I., Vitullo P., Vergara C., Fedele M., Corno A.F., Ippolito S., Scrofani R., Quarteroni A. 2022. Image-based computational hemodynamics analysis of systolic obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Frontiers in physiology, 12, 787082. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.787082

Geske J.B., Ommen S.R., Gersh B.J. 2018. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical update. JACC. Heart failure, 6(5), 364–375. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2018.02.010

Geske J.B., Stephens E.H., Dearani J.A. 2022. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with extreme outflow tract obstruction. European heart journal, 43(42), 4518. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac439

Guigui S.A., Torres C., Escolar E., Mihos C.G. 2022. Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a narrative review. Journal of thoracic disease, 14(6), 2309–2325. doi: 10.21037/jtd-22-182

Elliott P.M., Anastasakis A., Borger M.A., Borggrefe M., Cecchi F., Charron P., Hagege A.A., Lafont A., Limongelli G., Mahrholdt H., McKenna W.J., Mogensen J., Nihoyannopoulos P., Nistri S., Pieper P.G., Pieske B., Rapezzi C., Rutten F.H., Tillmanns C., … Watkins H. 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European heart journal, 35(39), 2733–2779. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu284

Haland T.F., Edvardsen T. 2020. The role of echocardiography in management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Journal of echocardiography, 18(2), 77–85. doi: 10.1007/s12574-019-00454-9

Hindieh W., Chan R., Rakowski H. 2017. Complementary role of echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Current cardiology reports, 19(9), 81. doi: 10.1007/s11886-017-0897-z

Hoey E.T., Elassaly M., Ganeshan A., Watkin R.W., Simpson H. 2014. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery, 4(5), 397–406. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2014.09.04

Hughes R.K., Knott K.D., Malcolmson J., Augusto J.B., Kellman P., Moon J.C., Captur G. 2020. Advanced imaging insights in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC. Cardiovascular imaging, 13(2 Pt 2), 624–630. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.09.010

Jain C.C., Newman D.B., Geske J.B. 2019. Mitral valve disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: evaluation and management. Current cardiology reports, 21(11), 136. doi: 10.1007/s11886-019-1231-8

Keramida K., Lazaros G., Nihoyannopoulos P. 2020. Right ventricular involvement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Patterns and implications. Hellenic journal of cardiology: HJC = Hellenike kardiologike epitheorese, 61(1), 3–8. doi: 10.1016/j.hjc.2018.11.009

Lander B.S., Zhao Y., Hasegawa K., Maurer M.S., Tower-Rader A., Fifer M.A., Reilly M.P., Shimada Y.J. 2022. Comprehensive proteomics profiling identifies patients with late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy population. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 9, 839409. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.839409

Lopes L.R., Elliott P.M. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. In: Hurst’s the Heart. Ed. by V. Fuster et al, McGraw-Hill Education, 2017. − 14th ed. Chapter 59. P. 1443–1464.

MacNamara J.P., Link M.S. 2023. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging continues as a cornerstone of the assessment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart rhythm, 20(7), 968–969. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.04.002

Makavos G., Κairis C., Tselegkidi M.E., Karamitsos T., Rigopoulos A.G., Noutsias M., Ikonomidis I. 2019. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an updated review on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Heart failure reviews, 24(4), 439–459. doi: 10.1007/s10741-019-09775-4

Malcolmson J., Shipolini A., Mohiddin S., Savvatis K. 2023. The mitral valve in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Current opinion in cardiology, 38(5), 415–423. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000001067

Mandeş L., Roşca M., Ciupercă D., Popescu B.A. 2020. The role of echocardiography for diagnosis and prognostic stratification in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Journal of echocardiography, 18(3), 137–148. doi: 10.1007/s12574-020-00467-9

Maron B.J., Ommen S.R., Semsarian C., Spirito P., Olivotto I., Maron M.S. 2014. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: present and future, with translation into contemporary cardiovascular medicine. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 64(1), 83–99. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.003

Maron B.J., Maron M.S. 2016. The Remarkable 50 years of imaging in HCM and how it has changed diagnosis and management: from M-mode echocardiography to CMR. JACC. Cardiovascular imaging, 9(7), 858–872. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.05.003

Maron B.J., Desai M.Y., Nishimura R.A., Spirito P., Rakowski H., Towbin J.A., Rowin E.J., Maron M.S., Sherrid M.V. 2022. Diagnosis and evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 79(4), 372–389. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.12.002

Marstrand P., Han L., Day S.M., Olivotto I., Ashley E.A., Michels M., Pereira A.C., Wittekind S.G., Helms A., Saberi S., Jacoby D., Ware J.S., Colan S.D., Semsarian C., Ingles J., Lakdawala N.K., Ho C.Y., SHaRe Investigators 2020. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: insights from the SHaRe Registry. Circulation, 141(17), 1371–1383. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044366

Mitchell C.C., Frye C., Jankowski M., Symanski J., Lester S.J., Woo A., Gilliland Y., Dragulescu A., Abraham T., Desai M., Martinez M.W., Nagueh S.F., Phelan D. 2023. A practical approach to echocardiographic imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography: official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography, S0894-7317(23)00249-3. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2023.04.020

Monda E., Palmiero G., Lioncino M., Rubino M., Cirillo A., Fusco A., Caiazza M., Verrillo F., Diana G., Mauriello A., Iavarone M., Losi M.A., De Rimini M.L., Dellegrottaglie S., D'Andrea A., Bossone E., Pacileo G., Limongelli G. 2022. Multimodality imaging in cardiomyopathies with hypertrophic phenotypes. Journal of clinical medicine, 11(3), 868. doi: 10.3390/jcm11030868

Nagueh S.F., Bierig S.M., Budoff M.J., Desai M., Dilsizian V., Eidem B., Goldstein S.A., Hung J., Maron M.S., Ommen S.R., Woo A., American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, & Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. 2011. American Society of Echocardiography clinical recommendations for multimodality cardiovascular imaging of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Endorsed by the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography: official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography, 24(5), 473–498. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.03.006

Nagueh S.F., Smiseth O.A., Appleton C.P., Byrd 3rd B.F., Dokainish H., Edvardsen T., Flachskampf F.A., Gillebert T.C., Klein A.L., Lancellotti P., Marino P., Oh J.K., Popescu B.A., Waggoner A.D. 2016. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: An update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr., 29(4): 277–314. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011.

Nagueh S.F., Phelan D., Abraham T., Armour A., Desai M.Y., Dragulescu A., Gilliland Y., Lester S.J., Maldonado Y., Mohiddin S., Nieman K., Sperry B.W., Woo A. 2022. Recommendations for multimodality cardiovascular imaging of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography, in Collaboration with the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography: official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography, 35(6), 533–569. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2022.03.012

Nie C., Zhu C., Xiao M., Yang Q., Meng Y., Wu R., Wang S. 2021. Mid-ventricular obstruction is associated with non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Clin Cardiol, 44(4): 555–562. doi: 10.1002/clc.23575

Oliveira D.C., Assunção F.B., Santos A.A., Nacif M.S. 2016. Cardiac magnetic resonance and computed tomography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an update. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia, 107(2), 163–172. doi: 10.5935/abc.20160081

Ommen S.R., Mital S., Burke M.A., Day S.M., Deswal A., Elliott P., Evanovich L.L., Hung J., Joglar J.A., Kantor P., Kimmelstiel C., Kittleson M., Link M.S., Maron M.S., Martinez M.W., Miyake C.Y., Schaff H.V., Semsarian C., Sorajja P. 2020. 2020 AHA/ACC guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(25), 3022–3055. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.044

Panetta D., Gabelloni M., Faggioni L., Pelosi G., Aringhieri G., Caramella D., Salvadori P.A. 2021. Cardiac computed tomography perfusion: contrast agents, challenges and emerging methodologies from preclinical research to the clinics. Academic radiology, 28(1), e1–e13. doi:10.1016/j.acra.2019.12.026

Quarta G., Aquaro G.D., Pedrotti P., Pontone G., Dellegrottaglie S., Iacovoni A., Brambilla P., Pradella S., Todiere G., Rigo F., Bucciarelli-Ducci C., Limongelli G., Roghi A., Olivotto I. 2018. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the importance of clinical context. Eur. Heart. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 19(6): 601–610. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jex323

Rashdan L., Hodovan J., Masri A. 2023. Imaging cardiac hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its differential diagnosis. Current opinion in cardiology, 38(5), 397–404. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000001070

Robich M.P., Schaff H.V., Ortoleva J., Patlolla S.H., Zaky M.H., Cobey F.C., Chen F.Y. 2023. Understanding septal morphology in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-implications for the surgeon. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 166(2), 514–518. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2022.09.059

Rowin E.J., Maron B.J., Olivotto I., Maron M.S. 2017. Role of exercise testing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC. Cardiovascular imaging, 10(11), 1374–1386. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.07.016

Sakellaropoulos S., Svab S., Mohammed M., Dimitra L., Mitsis A. 2021. The role of mitral valve in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: An Updated Review. Current problems in cardiology, 46(3), 100641. doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100641

Sherrid M.V., Adams D.H. 2020. The mitral valve in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: other side of the outflow tract. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(19), 2248–2251. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.580

Stewart M., Elagizi A., Gilliland Y.E. 2023. Imaging of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Current opinion in cardiology, 38(5), 405–414. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000001058

Tower-Rader A., Kramer C.M., Neubauer S., Nagueh S.F., Desai, M.Y. 2020. Multimodality imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy for risk stratification. Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging, 13(2), e009026. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.119.009026

Turvey L., Augustine D.X., Robinson S., Oxborough D., Stout M., Smith N., Harkness A., Williams L., Steeds R.P., Bradlow W. 2021. Transthoracic echocardiography of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in adults: a practical guideline from the British Society of Echocardiography. Echo research and practice, 8(1), G61–G86. doi: 10.1530/ERP-20-0042

Urbano-Moral J.A., Rowin E.J., Maron M.S., Crean A., Pandian N.G. 2014. Investigation of global and regional myocardial mechanics with 3-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography and relations to hypertrophy and fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 7(1): 11–19. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.000842

Weissler-Snir A., Crean A., Rakowski H. 2016. The role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Expert review of cardiovascular therapy, 14(1), 51–74. doi: 10.1586/14779072.2016.1113130

Wengrofsky P., Akivis Y., Bukharovich I. 2023. Cardiac multimodality imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: what to look for and when to image. Current cardiology reviews, 19(5), 1–18. doi: 10.2174/1573403X19666230316103117

Williams L.K., Frenneaux M.P., Steeds R.P. 2009. Echocardiography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy diagnosis, prognosis, and role in management. European Journal of Echocardiography, 10(8), III9–III14. doi:10.1093/ejechocard/jep157

Zemanek D., Tomasov P., Bělehrad M., Hladká K., Ko&scaron;ťálová J., Kára T., Veselka J. 2015. Comparison of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate and Valsalva maneuver for detection of obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Arch. Med. Sci., 11(4): 751–755. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2015.47096