Periodontitis is a complex multifactorial disease that occurs as a result of exposure to the waste products of paradontopathogenic bacteria that colonize deep in the gingival furrow and form a periodontal pocket. The purpose of periodontal sanitation is to reduce plaque and tartar and create a relatively smooth root surface to achieve a new attachment. Removal of dental deposits and polishing of roots are of fundamental importance in the treatment of periodontitis. For these purposes, various curettes, periobors, ultrasound devices are used. Nevertheless, there remain disagreements between researchers regarding the quality of root treatment using various methods of subgingival decontamination. This article presents the results of a profilometric study of the quality of the roughness of the root surface in vitro with various methods of instrumental processing. The overall results showed that polishing reduced the surface roughness caused by root scaling and also reduced the amount of infected cement. Polishing with a patented replaceable nozzle on the Gracey curette showed the least surface roughness, compared with ultrasonic treatment and periodontal bores.