The Role of Inflammation in Realizing the Risk of Severe Coronavirus Infection and Probability of Post-Covid-19 Syndrome Initiation
The new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) pandemic has killed more than 6.5 million people. The severity of this infection in acute period is closely related to immune response activity, including cytokines release syndrome, which increases the risk of severe course and death. At the same time, about 30 % of patients demonstrates symptoms persistence for 12 weeks or more, which is referred to as post-COVID-19 syndrome or long COVID. To search for known associations of systemic inflammatory activity and the course of both acute phase and post-COVID-19 syndrome, we conducted a literature review using the National Library of Medicine databases. Considering the significance of markers in predicting the risk of worsening the acute infection severity, we analyzed their interaction with the possibility of chronic postinfectious inflammation development, responsible for post-COVID-19 syndrome formation. Given the postinfectious asthenia syndrome pathogenesis, chronic low-intensity inflammation plays a central role in post-COVID-19 syndrome formation and manifests by persistent increase of interleukin-6, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α and C-reactive protein. In addition, high neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and high fibrinogen may be considered as long COVID predictors.
Shchukina E.V., Shesterina Yu. B., Maylyan D.E., Cherkashchenko S.O., Pivnev B.A., Martynenko A.Yu., Mel'nikov A.Yu. 2023. The Role of Inflammation in Realizing the Risk of Severe Coronavirus Infection and Probability of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome Initiation. Challenges in Modern Medicine, 46 (2): 113–122 (in Russian). DOI: 10.52575/2687-0940-2023-46-2-113-122
While nobody left any comments to this publication.
You can be first.
Ignatenko G.A., Domashenko O.N., Gridasov V.A., Slyusar E.A., Skorik E.B., Goncharuk E.A. 2022. Long COVID: aktual'nost' problemy [Long COVID: the urgency of the problem]. Universitetskaya klinika. 3 (44): 61–66.
Anderson G., Maes M. 2020. Mitochondria and immunity in chronic fatigue syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 103: 109976. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109976
Bai F., Tomasoni D., Falcinella C., Barbanotti D., Castoldi R., Mulè G., Augello M., Mondatore D., Allegrini M., Cona A., Tesoro D., Tagliaferri G., Viganò O., Suardi E., Tincati C., Beringheli T., Varisco B., Battistini C.L., Piscopo K., Vegni E., Tavelli A., Terzoni S., Marchetti G., Monforte A.D. 2022. Female gender is associated with long COVID syndrome: a prospective cohort study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 28 (4): 611. e9-611.e16. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.11.002.
Chan A.S., Rout A. 2020. Use of Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte and Platelet-To-Lymphocyte Ratios in COVID-19. J. Clin. Med. Res. 12 (7): 448–53. doi: 10.14740/jocmr4240
Chen L., Liu H.G., Liu W., Liu J., Liu K., Shang J., Deng Y., Wei S. 2020. Analysis of clinical features of 29 patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 43 (0): E005. Chinese. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2020.0005.
Doykov I., Hällqvist J., Gilmour K.C., Grandjean L., Mills K., Heywood W.E. 2021. 'The long tail of Covid-19' - The detection of a prolonged inflammatory response after a SARS-CoV-2 infection in asymptomatic and mildly affected patients. F1000Res. 9:1349. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.27287.2.
Ganesh R., Grach S.L., Ghosh A.K., Bierle D.M., Salonen B.R., Collins N.M., Joshi A.Y., Boeder N.D. Jr, Anstine C.V., Mueller M.R., Wight E.C., Croghan I.T., Badley A.D., Carter R.E., Hurt R.T. 2022. The Female-Predominant Persistent Immune Dysregulation of the Post-COVID Syndrome. Mayo. Clin. Proc. 97 (3): 454–464. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.11.033.
Huang I., Pranata R., Lim M.A., Oehadian A., Alisjahbana B. 2020. C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, D-dimer, and ferritin in severe coronavirus disease-2019: a meta-analysis. Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis. 14: 1753466620937175. doi: 10.1177/1753466620937175.
Iwasaki M., Saito J., Zhao H., Sakamoto A., Hirota K., Ma D. 2021. Inflammation Triggered by SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 Augment Drives Multiple Organ Failure of Severe COVID-19: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications. Inflammation. 44 (1): 13–34. doi: 10.1007/s10753-020-01337-3.
Ji P., Zhu J., Zhong Z., Li H., Pang J., Li B., Zhang J. 2020. Association of elevated inflammatory markers and severe COVID-19: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 99 (47): e23315. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000023315
Keefe J.A., Avadhanula V., Nicholson E.G., Devaraj S., Piedra P.A., Bozkurt B., Wehrens X.H.T. 2022. Abnormalities in cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers in ambulatory subjects after COVID-19 infection. Int. J. Cardiol. Heart. Vasc. 43: 101144. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2022.101144.
Keski H. 2021. Hematological and inflammatory parameters to predict the prognosis in COVID-19. Indian J. Hematol. Blood Transfus. 2: 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s12288-021-01407-y.
Kotula J.J. 3rd, Moore W.S. 2nd, Chopra A., Cies J.J. 2018. Association of Procalcitonin Value and Bacterial Coinfections in Pediatric Patients with Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. J. Pediatr. Pharmacol. Ther. 23 (6): 466–472. doi: 10.5863/1551-6776-23.6.466.
Lazarus J.V., Romero D., Kopka C.J. et al. 2022. A multinational Delphi consensus to end the COVID-19 public health threat. Nature 611, 332–345. doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05398-2
Li D., Liao X., Liu Z., Ma Z., Dong J., Zheng G., Zi M., Wang F., He Q., Li G., Zhang Z., Liu L. 2022. Healthy outcomes of patients with COVID-19 two years after the infection: a prospective cohort study. Emerg Microbes Infect. 11 (1): 2680–2688. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2133639.
Li H., Xiang X., Ren H., Xu L., Zhao L., Chen X., Long H., Wang Q., Wu Q. 2020. Serum Amyloid A is a biomarker of severe Coronavirus Disease and poor prognosis. J. Infect. 80 (6): 646–655. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.035.
Liu T., Zhang J., Yang Y., Ma H., Li Z., Zhang J., Cheng J., Zhang X., Zhao Y., Xia Z., Zhang L., Wu G., Yi J. 2020. The role of interleukin-6 in monitoring severe case of coronavirus disease 2019. EMBO Mol Med. 12 (7): e12421. doi: 10.15252/emmm.202012421.
Liu Y., Du X., Chen J., Jin Y., Peng L., Wang H.H., Luo M., Chen L., Zhao Y. 2020. Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio as an Independent Risk Factor for Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. J. Infect. 81 (1): e6–12. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.002
Maamar M., Artime A., Pariente E. et al. 2022. Post-COVID-19 syndrome, low-grade inflammation and inflammatory markers: a cross-sectional study. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 38 (6): 901–909. doi:10.1080/03007995.2022.2042991
Michael J. Peluso, Scott Lu, Alex F. Tang, Matthew S. Durstenfeld, Hsi-en Ho, Sarah A. Goldberg, Carrie A. Forman, Sadie E. Munter, Rebecca Hoh, Viva Tai, Ahmed Chenna, Brandon C. Yee, John W. Winslow, Christos J. Petropoulos, Bryan Greenhouse, Peter W. Hunt, Priscilla Y. Hsue, Jeffrey N. Martin, J. Daniel Kelly, David V. Glidden, Steven G. Deeks, Timothy J. Henrich. 2021. Markers of Immune Activation and Inflammation in Individuals with Postacute Sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 224 (11): 1839–1848. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab490
Pink I., Raupach D., Fuge J., Vonberg R.P., Hoeper M.M., Welte T., Rademacher J. 2021. C-reactive protein and procalcitonin for antimicrobial stewardship in COVID-19. Infection. 49 (5): 935–943. doi: 10.1007/s15010-021-01615-8.
Qin C., Zhou L., Hu Z., Zhang S., Yang S., Tao Y., Xie C., Ma K., Shang K., Wang W., Tian DS. 2020. Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients With Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 71 (15): 762–768. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa248.
Queiroz M.A.F., Neves P.F.M.D., Lima S.S., et.al. 2022. Cytokine Profiles Associated With Acute COVID-19 and Long COVID-19 Syndrome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 12: 922422. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.922422.
Schultheiß C., Willscher E., Paschold L., Gottschick C., Klee B., Henkes S.S., Bosurgi L., Dutzmann J., Sedding D., Frese T., Girndt M., Höll J.I., Gekle M., Mikolajczyk R., Binder M. 2022. The IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF cytokine triad is associated with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Cell. Rep. Med. 3 (6): 100663. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100663.
Su W., Qiu Z., Zhou L., Hou J., Wang Y., Huang F., Zhang Y., Jia Y., Zhou J., Liu D., Xia Z., Xia Z.Y., Lei S. 2020. Sex differences in clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality among severe patients with COVID-19: A retrospective study. Aging. 12: 18833–18843. doi: 10.18632/aging.103793.